AUTOMOBILE GLASS AND PHOTOPROTECTION
汽车玻璃与光防护
英文原文
Although glass effectively blocks all UVB radiation, UVA, especially the longer spectrum of UVA (UVA1), can still be transmitted. Photosensitive patients can experience exacerbations of their disease while driving or traveling by car. Transmission of UVR through automobile glass depends on type and tint of glass. For safety reasons, all windshields are made from laminated glass, which can filter most of UVA. However, side and rear windows are usually made from nonlaminated glass; therefore a significant level of UVA can pass through. Persons traveling by car can be exposed to a considerable amount of UVA through side and rear windows. It should be noted that as the UV transmission decreases, it is the long-wave UV, predominantly UVA1, that continues to be transmitted.
对应中文
虽然玻璃有效地阻挡了所有的UVB辐射，但UVA、特别是较长光谱的UVA（UVA1）仍然可以透射。光敏症患者在开车或驾车旅行时可能会经历疾病的恶化。紫外线通过汽车玻璃的透射取决于玻璃的类型和颜色。出于安全考虑，所有挡风玻璃均由夹层玻璃制成，夹层玻璃可过滤大部分紫外线。然而，侧窗和后窗通常是由非夹层玻璃制成的，因此很大程度上可以通过UVA。乘汽车旅行的人可能通过侧窗和后窗暴露在大量的紫外线下。应注意，随着紫外线透射的增加，继续透射的是长波紫外线，主要是UVA1。
英文原文
In a study of automobile window glass, it was demonstrated that tinted window glass removed a significant amount of UVA; it allowed for 3.8 times less UVA to be transmitted compared with untinted window glass.The parts of the driver’s or passengers’ bodies closest to a window received the most irradiation. The shoulder, arm, and hand of the driver are the body parts that received the highest UV exposure. UV exposure was two to three times greater in a smaller car compared with a larger car.
对应中文
在对汽车车窗玻璃的研究中，研究表明，有色车窗玻璃去除了大量的UVA，它的UVA滤过量是未着色车窗玻璃的3.8倍。驾驶员或乘客身体中离窗户最近的部位接收到的辐射最多。驾驶员的肩膀、手臂和手是接受最高紫外线照射的身体部位。小型车的紫外线照射量是大型车的2到3倍。
英文原文
In a 2004 study, transmission of UVA through a range of automobile glass types was assessed by measuring UV transmission of laminated and nonlaminated glass, each with different color tints.Clear nonlaminated glass was found to have the lowest UVA protection, followed by nonlaminated light green, nonlaminated dark green, and laminated clear glass. Gray-tinted laminated glass provided the highest UV protection. Only 0.9% of UVA was transmitted through graytinted laminated glass compared with 62.8% through nonlaminated clear glass. UVA exposure in automobiles is also influenced by non-glasserelated factors, such as position of the person in a vehicle, direction of travel with respect to the sun, and time of the day. Clinical relevance of UV exposure in automobiles of photosensitive patients was also assessed. A 5-J/cm2 dose of UVA, which is sufficient to induce cutaneous eruption in patients with severe photosensitivity, could be obtained when the arm is placed near a nonlaminated clear window for 30 minutes. If a laminated gray window were used as a substitute, at least 50 hours of UV exposure would be required to produce skin lesions in these patients.
对应中文
在2004年的一项研究中，通过测量夹层玻璃和非夹层玻璃的紫外线透射率来评估UVA在各种汽车玻璃中的透射率，每种玻璃都有不同的颜色。研究发现透明非夹层玻璃UVA防护最低，其次是非夹层浅绿色、非层压深绿色和层压透明玻璃。灰色夹层玻璃提供最高的紫外线防护。只有0.9%的UVA通过灰色夹层玻璃传播，而通过非夹层透明玻璃传播的UVA占62.8%。汽车中的UVA暴露也受非玻璃相关因素的影响，如人员在车辆中的位置、相对于太阳的行驶方向和一天中的时间。还评估了光敏性患者汽车紫外线照射的临床相关性。当手臂靠近非层压透明窗放置30分钟时，可获得5-J/cm2剂量的UVA，足以诱发严重光敏性住院患者的皮肤疹。如果使用夹层灰窗作为替代品，这些患者至少需要50小时的紫外线照射才能产生皮肤损伤。
Enhanced photoprotection through the use of window film
通过使用窗膜增强光保护
英文原文
It is now possible for automobile owners to further darken the tint on side and rear windows. This process, by reduction of the transmission of visible light and infrared radiation, permits reduced interior heat gain and minimizes the fading of interior components. Aftermarket tinting of side and rear vehicle windows has become popular because of the availability of a broad range of colors and tints as well as the general ease of installation. In the United States, aftermarket tints are not allowed to reduce the federally mandated 70% minimum visible light transmittance of automobile windshields, except for the top 4 inches of the windshield .Minimum allowable visible light transmission levels for side and rear windows are determined by each state. Most states in the United States do not allow plastic films with less than 35% visible light transmittance.It has been reported that plastic film with 35% and 20% visible light transmittance filtered UVA below 370 and 380 nm, respectively.
对应中文
现在，车主可以进一步加深侧窗和后窗的色调。这一过程通过减少可见光和红外辐射的传输，允许减少内部热增益，并最大限度地减少内部部件的褪色。侧窗和后车窗的售后着色已经变得很流行，因为有多种颜色和色调，而且安装也很方便。在美国，售后市场的颜色不允许降低联邦规定的汽车挡风玻璃最低可见光透过率的70%，但挡风玻璃顶部的4英寸除外。侧窗和后窗的最低允许透光率由各州确定。美国大多数州都不允许可见光透过率低于35%的塑料薄膜。据报道，可见光透过率分别为35%和20%的塑料薄膜分别过滤了370nm和380nm以下的紫外线。
EYEGLASSES AND PHOTOPROTECTION
眼镜和光防护
英文原文
One of the most common questions about sunglasses is how one should choose suitable sunglasses. To properly advise patients, one must understand the main purpose of sunglasses, which is protection against sun glare and harmful radiation. Current available knowledge shows that electromagnetic radiation, especially UV radiation, is potentially hazardous to the structure of the eyes, particularly the cornea, lens, and retina.Therefore, to ade- quately protect the eyes by sunglass, a sunglasses standard is required. The first sunglasses standard was published in 1971 in Australia. Since then, the United States and European countries have also established their standards.
对应中文
关于太阳镜最常见的一个问题是如何选择合适的太阳镜。为了给患者提供正确的建议，我们必须了解太阳镜的主要用途，它可以防止太阳眩光和有害辐射。目前现有的知识表明，电磁辐射、特别是紫外线辐射，对眼睛结构，特别是角膜、晶状体和视网膜有潜在的危害。因此，要想用太阳镜全面保护眼睛，就需要一个太阳镜标准。第一个太阳镜标准于1971年在澳大利亚发布。从那时起，美国和欧洲国家也制定了他们的标准。
Sunlight and the eye
阳光和眼睛
英文原文
Several eye disorders are related to sun exposure. Among them, cataracts and age-related macular degeneration are of the greatest concern to the ophthalmologist. Pterygium and keratitis are also commonly found in people who predominantly work outdoors. Although solar radiation comprises a broad range of wavelength, all of the eye disorders mentioned above are related to UV and short-wavelength visible light.The ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere filters out the most potentially damagingUV radiation to the eyes, namely UVC. Similar to cutaneous erythema, the longer the wavelength, the longer the duration of exposure required producing the same degree of ocular damage.
对应中文
有几种眼部疾病与日晒有关。其中，白内障和年龄相关性黄斑变性是眼科医生最关心的问题。翼状胬肉和角膜炎也常见于以户外工作为主的人群。尽管太阳辐射的波长范围很广，但上述所有眼部疾病都与紫外线和短波可见光有关。地球大气中的臭氧层过滤掉了对眼睛最具潜在危害的紫外线辐射，即UVC。与皮肤红斑相似，波长越长，暴露时间越长，产生相应程度的眼部损伤。
英文原文
Because of the filtration effect of ocular structures, different wavelengths within the UV and visible light ranges penetrate through different parts of the eye (cornea, lens, and retina) . The cornea substantially absorbs wavelengths shorter than 295 nm. Excessive UVB exposure can cause conjunctivitis and permanent damage to the cornea. Wavelengths between 295 and 400 nm penetrate more deeply and can cause damage to the crystalline lens (ie, cataracts).Visible light and infrared transmit to the retina.
对应中文
由于眼部结构的过滤效应，紫外线和可见光范围内的不同波长穿透眼睛的不同部位（角膜、晶状体和视网膜）。角膜基本上吸收小于295nm的波长。过度暴露于UVB可导致结膜炎和角膜永久性损伤。295到400纳米之间的波长穿透更深，可能会对晶状体（即白内障）造成损害。可见光和红外线传输到视网膜。
英文原文
UV-induced ocular damage is divided into acute and long-term effects. Examples of acute effects include photokeratitis (also known as welder’s flash or snow blindness) from UVC and UVB radiation as well as solar retinitis (also called blue light retinitis or eclipse blindness) from unprotected exposure to intense sunlight, such as viewing of a solar eclipse.Short-wavelength visible light (blue-violet) can cause a retinal photochemical burn, whereas longer wavelengths and short pulses of intense visible light appear to be capable of inducing retinal thermal damage. Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm may reach the retina in the normal eye and, at sufficient irradiance levels, can cause a retinal burn.Longterm effects of UV radiation associated with long-term exposure to sunlight include cataracts, pterygium, and age-related macular degeneration.
对应中文
紫外线引起的眼部损伤分为急性和长期效应。急性影响的例子包括UVC和UVB辐射引起的光性角膜炎（也称为电焊工闪光或雪盲）以及无保护暴露于强烈阳光下引起的太阳视网膜炎（也称为蓝光视网膜炎或日食盲），例如观看日食。短波可见光（蓝紫色）可导致视网膜光化学灼伤，而长波和短脉冲强可见光似乎能够诱发视网膜热损伤。400至1400 nm的波长可能到达正常眼睛的视网膜，在足够的辐照度水平下，可能导致视网膜灼伤。长期暴露在阳光下的紫外线辐射的长期影响包括白内障、翼状胬肉和老年性黄斑变性。
Sunglasses standard
太阳镜标准
英文原文
Sunglasses have been classified into 3 categories: cosmetic sunglasses (worn as fashion accessories and providing minimal UV protection); general purpose sunglasses (for reducing glare in bright light or in circumstances such as driving in daylight), and special purpose sunglasses (for activities such as skiing, going to the beach). For general purpose sunglasses, ANSI Z80.3 requires less than 1% of the wavelengths below 310 nm to be transmitted.Based on the ANSI standard, lenses are classified according to intended function (special, dark, general purpose, and cosmetic tint). Lenses should be strong enough so that they will not break into several pieces, and sunglass material should not be flammable. Polarizing lenses are helpful in minimizing glare; however, they do not provide added UV-blocking properties. Scratched lenses will scatter the incoming UV and visible light and could cause glare around the area of the scratch. There is no regulation regarding lens color; however, the effect of the color should not interfere with the ability to see color-coded signals, particularly red and green traffic signals. Neutral gray and amber brown are two popular colors that give true color rendition. Darkly tinted lens may cause papillary dilation, allowing the oblique peripheral ray of light to transmit to the eye if the sunglasses are not designed to wrap around the temporal area. Because UVR can cause eye damage and skin cancer of the eyelids,the ideal sunglasses should be designed to wrap around the eyes, thereby maximizing eye and eyelid protection.
对应中文
太阳镜分为3类：化妆太阳镜（作为时尚配饰佩戴，提供最低限度的紫外线防护）；一般用途太阳镜（用于在强光下或在日光下驾驶等情况下减少眩光）和特殊用途太阳镜（用于滑雪、去海滩等活动）。对于一般用途的太阳镜，ANSI Z80.3要求310 nm以下波长的透过率不到1%。根据ANSI标准，镜片根据预期功能（特殊、深色、一般用途和化妆品色调）进行分类。镜片应足够坚固，以免碎裂，太阳镜材料不应易燃。偏光镜片有助于最大限度地减少眩光；然而，它们不能提供额外的紫外线阻挡性能。擦伤的镜片会散射进来的紫外线和可见光，并可能导致划痕周围的眩光。没有关于镜头颜色的规定；但是，颜色的效果不应干扰看到颜色编码信号的能力，特别是红色和绿色交通信号。中性灰色和琥珀棕色是两种流行的颜色，它们提供了真实的色彩再现。深色镜片可能导致乳头状扩张，如果太阳镜不是设计成环绕颞区的，则允许倾斜的周边光线传输到眼睛。因为紫外线辐射会导致眼睛损伤和眼睑皮肤癌，理想的太阳镜应该设计成环绕眼睛，从而最大限度地保护眼睛和眼睑。
英文原文
Only visible light, not UV, is required for human vision. Therefore the ideal sunglasses should substantially reduce UV to cornea and lens, including that from lateral directions. The lens should not be too small because a significant amount of UV can reach unprotected eyes. Only the Australian standard AS1067 addresses this issue by setting requirements for the minimal lens dimension.Eyeglasses should reduce visible light sufficiently to diminish discomfort associated with glare, but should transmit sufficient visible light with wavelengths that allow for good color discrimination such as the red and green of traffic lights. Short-wavelength visible light (ie, blue light) is considered to be hazardous to the retina; this has led to development of ‘‘blueblocking lenses’’ that absorb visible light between 400 and 500 nm. Blue lighteblocking sunglasses that transmit sufficient a blue signal are able to comply with the European Standard (EN-1836), although they failed to meet the Australian AS1067 and the US ANSI Z80.3 standards.
对应中文
人类视觉只需要可见光，而不需要紫外线。因此，理想的太阳镜应该从根本上减少对角膜和晶状体的紫外线，包括侧向紫外线。镜片不应该太小，因为大量的紫外线可以到达未受保护的眼睛。只有澳大利亚标准AS1067通过设定最小镜片尺寸的要求来解决这个问题。眼镜应该能够充分地吸收可见光，以减少眩光带来的不适，但应该透射足够的可见光，其波长应允许良好的颜色辨别，例如交通灯的红色和绿色。短波长可见光(即蓝光)被认为对视网膜有害；这导致了吸收400到500纳米之间可见光的“蓝光阻挡镜片”的开发。蓝光阻挡太阳镜能够传输足够的蓝色信号，能够符合欧洲标准(EN-1836)，尽管它们没有达到澳大利亚AS1067和美国国家标准Z80.3的标准。
英文原文
Expensive sunglasses do not necessarily provide better UV protection.Looking for sunglasses that meet sunglass standards for a safe level of UV protection is a good start. Consulting an ophthal- mologist or eye-care specialist when selecting eyeglasses is helpful.For even better photoprotection, wearing a broad-brimmed hat helps tremendously in reducing the level of UV radiation reaching the eyes and surrounding tissue.
对应中文
昂贵的太阳镜不一定能提供更好的紫外线防护。寻找符合太阳镜标准的安全紫外线防护太阳镜是一个良好的开端。选择眼镜时，咨询眼科医生或眼科护理专家是很有帮助的。为了更好地进行光保护，戴宽边帽有助于大大降低到达眼睛和周围组织的紫外线辐射水平。
CONCLUSION
结论
英文原文
The degree to which glass products provide UV protection depends on the glass type, glass color, the presence of an interleave between pieces of glass, or the presence of a coating on the glass. Window glass is generally known to filter UVB. Darkly tinted and reflective window glass commonly used in commercial buildings has historically provided occupants of
these buildings greater UV protection than occupants of residential structures, in which highly transmitting glass is predominant. Recent developments in the glass industry have resulted in the introduction of additional filters for UVA and infrared radiation.This UVA-filtering technology can now be incorporated into a glass coating, providing more compre hensive photoprotection.
对应中文
玻璃产品提供紫外线防护的程度取决于玻璃类型、玻璃颜色、玻璃片之间是否存在夹层或玻璃上是否存在涂层。众所周知，窗玻璃可以过滤UVB。在历史上，商业建筑中常用的深色反光窗户玻璃为这些建筑的居住者提供了比住宅建筑(其中以高透射率玻璃为主)更好的紫外线防护。玻璃工业的最新发展导致了额外的UVA和红外辐射滤光片的引入，这种UVA过滤技术现在可以隐蔽到玻璃涂层中，提供更全面的光保护。
英文原文
Automobile glass provides different properties of UV protection. Although windshields are made from laminated glass, which can block a large amount of UVA, most side and rear windows are tinted, but not laminated, glass; therefore a significant amount of UVA1 can still reach vehicle occupants. Enhanced photoprotection can be achieved in automobiles through more comprehensive use of laminated glass, through the incorporation of glass coatings, or by tinting or applying window film to nonlaminated rear and side windows. Patients with severe photosensitivity are advised to choose vehicles with complete laminated window glass packages or apply plastic film to nonlaminated rear and side windows. Of course it is also advisable to keep vehicle windows closed, wear protective long-sleeved clothing, and apply broad-spectrum sunscreen when driving or traveling by cars.
对应中文
汽车玻璃具有不同的紫外线防护性能。虽然挡风玻璃由夹层玻璃制成，可以阻挡大量UVA，但大多数侧窗和后窗是有色玻璃，而不是夹层玻璃；因此，大量UVA1仍然可以到达车辆乘客。通过更全面地使用夹层玻璃，通过加入玻璃涂层，或者对非夹层后窗和侧窗着色或涂抹窗膜，可以增强汽车的光保护。建议对严重光敏的患者选择完全夹层车窗玻璃包装的车辆，或者在非夹层车窗的后窗和侧窗上涂上塑料膜。当然，在开车或驾车旅行时，也建议关闭车窗，穿上防护性的长袖衣服，并涂上广谱防晒霜。
英文原文
To select sunglasses that will maximize UV protection, one should look for sunglasses fulfilling one of the comprehensive sunglass standards. Attention should be paid to the entire frame, not just the lens itself; sunglasses with wraparound, side shields or overhead protection provide better UV protection to the eyes and surrounding areas. In the United States, because compliance with sunglass standards is voluntary, most but not all sunglasses that have good UV protection carry an identifying label. It should be noted that expensive or darkly tinted sunglasses might not provide the most comprehensive UV protection. In fact, darkly tinted sunglasses can make pupils dilate and increase lid opening, thereby resulting in increased UV exposure to the lens of the eye.
对应中文
为了选择能最大限度地保护紫外线的太阳镜，人们应该寻找符合太阳镜综合标准之一的太阳镜。应该注意整个镜框，而不仅仅是镜片本身；带环绕、侧面屏蔽或头顶保护的太阳镜对眼睛和周围区域提供了更好的紫外线防护。在美国，由于遵守太阳镜标准是自愿的，大多数(但不是所有)具有良好紫外线防护的太阳镜都有识别标签。应该注意的是，昂贵或深色的太阳镜可能不能提供最全面的紫外线防护。事实上，深色太阳镜扫描会使瞳孔扩大，眼睑张开度增加，从而导致眼睛的紫外线照射增加。
REFERENCES
1.Tuchinda C, Srivannaboon S, Lim HW. Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 May;54(5):845-54.