Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses
英文原文
In daily activity, much time is spent indoors and in vehicles. Although the adverse effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is now well recognized and active public education programs on photoprotection have been undertaken, the role of window glass in photoprotection has been rarely addressed. It has been known for some time that window glass filters out UVB and transmits UVA and visible light. Recent developments in the glass industry have resulted in glass that provides broad UV protection without the historically associated loss of visible light transmission. Factors affecting UV-protective properties of glass are glass type, glass color, interleave between glass, and glass coating. In this article, photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses is reviewed.
对应中文
在日常活动中，很多时间都是在室内和车里度过的。虽然紫外线辐射的不良影响现在已得到广泛认识，并开展了积极的光保护公众教育项目，但窗户玻璃在光保护中的作用却鲜有人提及。众所周知，窗户玻璃可以滤除紫外线，透射紫外线和可见光。玻璃行业的最新发展使得玻璃能够提供广泛的紫外线防护，而不会造成历史上相关的可见光透射损失。影响玻璃防紫外线性能的因素有玻璃类型、玻璃颜色、玻璃之间的交错和玻璃涂层。本文综述了车窗玻璃、汽车玻璃和太阳镜的防晒性能。
英文原文
Solar radiation reaching the earth surface is broadly divided into infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Heat is part of infrared radiation, which is not visible to the human eye. Visible light is the wavelength range of general illumination. UVR is divided into 3 distinct bands in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVC (200-290 nm). UVC, although it possesses the highest energy and has the greatest potential for biological damage, is effectively filtered by the ozone layer and is therefore not considered to be a factor in solar exposure of human beings. During a summer day, the UV spectrum that reaches the earth’s surface consists of 3.5% UVB and 96.5% UVA.
对应中文
到达地球表面的太阳辐射大致分为红外线辐射、可见光辐射和紫外线辐射(UVR)。热是红外线辐射的一部分，人眼看不见。可见光是普通照明的波长范围。UVR按波长和能量递减的顺序分为3个不同的波段：UVA(320-400 nm)、UVB(290-320 nm)和UVC(200-290 nm)。UVC虽然具有最高的能量和最大的生物破坏潜力，但它能有效地被臭氧层过滤，因此不被认为是人类暴露在太阳下的一个因素。在夏日，到达地球表面的紫外光谱由3.5%的UVB和96.5%的UVA组成。
英文原文
Contemporary residential and commercial architectural design increasingly incorporates more and larger window areas. This design trend is supported by the evolution of energyefficient glazings. The most effective of these glazings are capable of dramatically reducing heat gain and heat loss through windows. Many of these energyefficient glazing options also provide some measure of UV protection; however, only a very small percentage of architectural glazing provides full UV protection.
对应中文
当代住宅和商业建筑设计越来越多地融入更多和更大的窗口区域。节能玻璃的发展支持了这一设计趋势。这些玻璃中最有效的是能够极大地减少通过窗户的热增益和热损失。这些节能玻璃选项中的许多也提供了一定程度的紫外线防护；然而，只有很小一部分建筑玻璃提供完全的紫外线防护。
英文原文
In studies of UV exposure in cars, it was concluded that the parts of the driver’s or passengers’ bodies closest to windows showed the most exposure to UV radiation.Extending this conclusion to people who spend significant indoor time near windows, it is reasonable to conclude that exposure to UV through architectura.
对应中文
在对汽车紫外线照射的研究中，发现驾驶员或乘客身体中离车窗最近的部位最容易受到紫外线辐射。将这一结论推广到那些在室内长时间靠近窗户的人身上，有理由得出结论，通过建筑窗户玻璃暴露在紫外线下是一个应该解决的问题。
英文原文
The hazardous effect of UV radiation is now well recognized; public education regarding the use of sunscreen, sunglasses, and protective clothing and hats and the encouragement of seeking shade and sun avoidance during peak exposure periods is ongoing.It has been well recognized that standard glass filters out UVB, but UVA, visible light, and infrared radiation are still transmitted. With recent developments in the glass industry, additional filters for UVA and infrared radiation can now be incorporated. Most of these glasses are indistinguishable to the human eye but provide different degrees of UV and infrared protection. This article was written to provide an update on the role of window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses in photoprotection.
对应中文
紫外线辐射的危害现已得到充分认识；有关使用防晒霜、太阳镜、防护服和防护帽的公众教育正在进行中，并鼓励在暴露高峰期寻求阴凉和避光。众所周知，标准玻璃可以过滤UVB，但UVA、可见光和红外线仍可透射。随着玻璃工业的发展，UVA和红外辐射的附加过滤器现在可以合并。这些玻璃的差异大多人眼难以辨别，但它们提供了不同程度的紫外线和红外线防护。这篇文章是为了提供窗户玻璃、自动移动玻璃和太阳镜在光保护中的作用的最新进展。
WINDOW GLASS AND PHOTO- PROTECTION
窗玻璃与光保护
What is glass?
什么是玻璃
英文原文
Glass is a mixture of sand, very high-quality silica sand added with other materials such as salt cake, limestone, dolomite, feldspar, soda ash, and cullet.The resulting mixture is called a batch. Glass is made through the melting and cooling of the batch. As the batch cools, it becomes a solid without forming crystals, thereby making glass transparent.
对应中文
玻璃是由沙子、优质硅石和其他材料（如盐饼、石灰石、白云石、长石、苏打灰和碎玻璃）组成的混合物。由此产生的混合物称为批次。玻璃是通过熔化和冷却的批次制成的。当配料冷却时，它会变成固体、而不会形成晶体，从而使玻璃变得透明。
英文原文
Float glass refers to glass made by pouring the molten batch from a furnace into a chamber that contains a bed of molten tin. The atmosphere inside the chamber is carefully controlled. The glass floats on the tin and forms itself in the shape of the container.This process produces a long ribbon of high-quality flat glass that will be later cut into smaller pieces for fabrication.
对应中文
浮法玻璃是指将熔化的锡从熔炉中倒入装有熔锡层的腔室中制成的玻璃。室内的气氛受到严格的控制。玻璃漂浮在罐子上，形成容器的形状。这一过程产生了一条长长的优质平板玻璃带，稍后将其切割成更小的块进行制造。
Types of glass
玻璃的种类
英文原文
Clearglass. Clearglassistransparentandnearly colorless.The primary characteristic of glass in architectural applications is to provide protection from the outside elements, while providing a view and enabling visible light transmittance to the interior. Depending on its thickness, clear glass allows up to 90% of visible light (assessed from 400-780 nm), up to 72% of UV (assessed from 300-400 nm), and up to 83% of solar heat to pass through.
对应中文
透明玻璃。透明玻璃是透明的，几乎是无色的。在建筑应用中，玻璃的主要特点是提供对建筑内部的保护、与外部环境分割开来，同时提供良好的视野，并使内部可见光透射。根据厚度的不同，透明玻璃允许高达90%的可见光透过 (评估范围为400-780nm)，高达72%的紫外线透过 (评估范围为300-400nm)，以及高达83%的太阳热量通过。
英文原文
Tinted or heat-absorbing glass. This type of glass contains special color components. The tint is typically specified for its aesthetic properties and for its ability to reduce unwanted solar heat transmission. Commonly used tinted glass may absorb 40% to 50% of incoming solar energy, reducing unwanted heat gain. Solar radiation is reflected, transmitted, and absorbed by glass. Most of the absorbed radiation is emitted as heat in both directions; some of the absorbed radiation, however, passes through the window by conduction and reradiation. Tinted glass also has less UV and visible light transmission in comparison to clear glass.
对应中文
有色或吸热玻璃。这种玻璃含有特殊的颜色成分。这种颜色通常是由于其美学特性和减少不必要的太阳热传输的能力而选定。常用的有色玻璃可以吸收40%到50%的入射太阳能，减少多余的热量。太阳辐射被玻璃反射、透射和吸收。大部分被吸收的辐射是以热的形式向两个方向发射的；然而，一些被吸收的辐射通过传导和再辐射穿过窗口。与透明玻璃相比，有色玻璃的紫外线和可见光透过率更低。
Reflective glass
反光玻璃
英文原文
This type of glass is designed to reflect light and heat, through the use of metal oxide coatings that typically give the glass a mirrorlike appearance.This type of coated glass minimizes unwanted solar heat gain and reduces UV transmission, although visible light transmission is also typically reduced quite significantly. Reflective glass is often specified for commercial buildings. The most commonly used reflective glass in commercial applications will virtually eliminate the ability to see the interior of a building from the outside; an observer will see only their own reflection during daylight hours, although exterior views are unimpeded from the building’s interior. At night, however, because of the higher light intensity inside than outside, the mirroring effect is reversed. An outside observer may see in, but an interior observer may only see his or her own image.
对应中文
这种玻璃的设计是通过使用金属氧化涂层来反射光和热，这种涂层通常使玻璃看起来像镜子一样。这种镀膜玻璃最大限度地减少了不必要的太阳热增益，并减少了紫外线透射，尽管可见光透射也显著降低。反光玻璃通常用于商业建筑。商业应用中最常用的反光玻璃实际上会消除从外面看到建筑物内部的能力；观察者在白天只能看到自己的倒影，尽管从建筑物内部看外面的景色是畅通无阻的。然而，在夜间，由于室内的光强比室外的高，所以反之。外部观察者可以看到内部，但内部观察者只能看到自己的形象。
Low-emissivity (low-E) glass
低发射率（Low-E）玻璃
英文原文
This type of glass has a special surface coating consisting of microscopically thin, optically transparent layers of silver sandwiched between layers of antireflective metal oxide coatings. Low-E glass is broadly used in residential and commercial architectural applications. Most low-Eecoated glass will significantly reduce the loss of generated heat. The most common low-E products also minimize undesirable solar heat gain through a window without the loss of color neutrality and visible light transmission.These coatings reflect from 40% to 70% of the solar heat that is normally transmitted through clear glass, while allowing the full amount of visible light to pass through. Different types of low-E coatings have been designed to allow for high, moderate, or low solar gain applications, so attention to product-specific performance attributes is necessary to achieve the desired effect.UV transmission may also be reduced from approximately 60% down to 20% when comparing a window with standard clear glass to a window containing the most common low-Eecoated glass. Although this is a sizeable reduction in total UV transmission, most of the UV radiation being reflected by the low-E coating falls in the UVB range; UVA is largely unimpeded by these otherwise advanced coatings.
对应中文
这种玻璃有一种特殊的表面涂层，由微薄、光学透明的银层组成，银层夹在抗反射金属氧化物涂层之间。Low-E玻璃在住宅和商业建筑中得到了广泛的应用，大多数Low-E玻璃将显著减少产生的热量的损失。最常见的Low-E产品还可以在不损失颜色中性和可见光透射的情况下，最大限度地减少通过窗户获得的不必要的太阳热。这些涂层反射40%到70%的正常透过透明玻璃的太阳热，同时允许全部可见光通过。设计了不同类型的low-E涂层，以允许高、中、低太阳能应用，因此需要注意产品的特定性能属性，以达到预期效果。当使用标准透明玻璃的窗户与使用最常见的低辐射镀膜玻璃的窗户相比时，紫外线透射率也可能从大约60%降低到20%。虽然这是总紫外线透射率的显著降低，但低辐射镀膜反射的大多数紫外线辐射都在UVB范围内；UVA基本上不受这些先进涂层的阻碍。
Laminated glass
夹层玻璃
英文原文
Laminated glass is produced by permanently bonding two pieces of glass together with a tough plastic interlayer (polyvinyl butyral [PVB]) under heat and pressure.Once bonded together, the glass sandwich acts as a single unit and generally appears very similar to standard clear glass. The interlayer is virtually invisible when viewed in transmission with glass on either side. The benefit of laminated glass is that if broken, glass fragments will adhere to the PVB interlayer rather than falling free, thereby reducing the risk of physical injury and property damage. PVB has properties that effectively filter more than 99% of UV up to approximately 375 nm without sacrificing visible light transmission. However, with new developments, laminated glass is increasingly more transparent to wavelengths above 380 nm. It also reduces transmission of sound.Laminated glass is commonly used in automobiles (for windshields), airports, museums, sound studios, schools, greenhouses, and large public spaces.
对应中文
夹层玻璃是通过在加热和压力下使用坚硬的塑料夹层（聚乙烯醇缩丁醛[PVB]）将两块玻璃永久粘合在一起而制成的。一旦粘合在一起，玻璃夹层就像一个整体，通常看起来与标准的透明玻璃非常相似。当在两面都有玻璃的情况下观察时，夹层实际上是看不见的。分层玻璃的好处是，如果玻璃破碎，玻璃碎片将粘附在PVB夹层上，而不是自由下落，从而降低人身伤害和财产损失的风险。PVB的性能可以有效地过滤超过99%的紫外光，达到大约375nm，而不会牺牲可见光的透过率。然而，随着新的发展，夹层玻璃对380 nm以上的波长越来越透明。夹层玻璃通常用于汽车(用于挡风玻璃)、机场、博物馆、录音室、学校、温室和大型公共场所。
UV-blockingecoated glass
防紫外线镀膜玻璃
英文原文
This new type of glass has a very thin, virtually invisible surface coating that makes it nearly indistinguishable from standard clear glass. In monolithic form, this unique coating blocks more than 98% of UV radiation while transmitting all the visible light. This product is designed for use in an IGU, which consists of two or more panes of glass; therefore it can be combined with a variety of other glass products depending on the overall performance and aesthetic application requirements, often resulting in nearly complete UV blockage.
对应中文
这种新型玻璃有一层非常薄的、几乎看不见的表面涂层，使它几乎和普通玻璃无法区分。以整体形式，这种独特的涂层在传输所有可见光的同时阻挡了98%以上的紫外线辐射。本产品设计用于由两块或多块玻璃组成的IGU；因此，根据整体性能和美学应用要求，它可以与多种其他玻璃产品组合，通常能够几乎完全阻挡紫外线。
Spectrally selective and UV-blocking insulating glass
光谱选择性和紫外线阻挡的隔热玻璃
英文原文
This special glass package provides the combined performance benefit of spectrally selective low-E with nearly complete UV protection. It is made of one piece of UV-blockingecoated glass and one piece of spectrally selective low-Eecoated glass. It blocks more than 99% of UV transmission and nearly 70% of unwanted solar heat gain, while maintaining approximately 70% visible light transmission with aesthetic properties that are very close to standard clear glass.
对应中文
这种特殊的玻璃封装提供了将光谱选择性LOW-E与几乎完全的紫外线防护相结合的性能优势。它由一片防紫外线镀膜玻璃和一片光谱选择性低辐射镀膜玻璃制成，阻挡了99%以上的紫外线传输和近70%的不必要的太阳热增益，同时保持了约70%的可见光传输，其美学特性非常接近标准透明玻璃。
Minimum Test methods for quantitative assessment of UV protection of glassProtection Sunglasses
太阳玻璃紫外线防护定量评估的试验方法
英文原文
Various components affect the UV protection factor of a finished window glass. Some of the main factors are glass type, glass color, interleave between glass, and coating on glass. Thickness of glass has little effect on UV transmission. Spectrometry is a method used in determining UV protection factor and transparency factor of windows. The tested glass sample is placed in a specimen holder of a spectrophotometer in alignment with an illuminating beam. The wavelength range will be scanned from 280 to 780 nm with 5-nm intervals. The relative transmission in the range of 300 to 400 nm is used to calculate transmission of UV, as a percentage. The relative transmission in the range of 400 to 780 nm is used to calculate transmission of visible light, also displayed as a percentage.
对应中文
各种成分影响成品窗户玻璃的防紫外线系数。影响玻璃质量的主要因素有玻璃类型、玻璃颜色、玻璃间的交错、玻璃上的镀膜等。玻璃厚度对紫外光透过率影响不大。光谱法是测定窗户紫外线防护系数和透明度系数的一种方法。将被测玻璃样品放置在分光光度计的样品架上，与照明光束对齐。波长范围为280至780nm，间隔5nm。300至400nm范围内的相对透射率用于计算UV的透射率（以百分比表示）。400到780nm范围内的相对透过率用于计算可见光的透过率，也显示为百分比。
REFERENCES
1.Tuchinda C, Srivannaboon S, Lim HW. Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 May;54(5):845-54.