Sunscreen FAQ
Who needs sunscreen?
需要防晒霜？
英文原文
Everyone. Sunscreen use can help prevent skin cancer by protecting you from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Anyone can get skin cancer, regardless of age, gender or race. In fact, it is estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime.
对应中文
每个人都需要使用防晒霜，它可以保护你免受太阳紫外线的伤害，有助于预防皮肤癌。无论年龄、性别或种族，任何人都可能患皮肤癌。事实上，据估计，每五个美国人中就有一个会在有生之年患上皮肤癌。
What sunscreen should I use?
我应该用什么防晒霜？
英文原文
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends everyone use sunscreen that offers the following:
· Broad-spectrum protection (protects against UVA and UVB rays)
· SPF 30 or higher
· Water resistance
对应中文
美国皮肤病学会建议所有人使用具有以下特性的防晒霜：
· 广谱防护（防护UVA和UVB射线）
· SPF30或更高
· 防水
英文原文
A sunscreen that offers the above helps to protect your skin from sunburn, early skin aging and skin cancer. However, sunscreen alone cannot fully protect you. In addition to wearing sunscreen, dermatologists recommend taking the following steps to protect your skin and find skin cancer early:
· Seek shade when appropriate, remembering that the sun’s rays are strongest between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. If your shadow is shorter than you are, seek shade.
· Dress to protect yourself from the sun by wearing a lightweight long- sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses, when possible.
· Use extra caution near water, snow and sand as they reflect the damaging rays of the sun, which can increase your chance of sunburn.
· Get vitamin D safely through a healthy diet that may include vitamin supplements. Don’t seek the sun.
· Avoid tanning beds. Ultraviolet light from the sun and tanning beds can cause skin cancer and wrinkling. If you want to look tan, you may wish to use a self- tanning product, but continue to use sunscreen with it.
· Check your birthday suit on your birthday. If you notice anything changing, itching or bleeding on your skin, see a board-certified dermatologist. Skin cancer is highly treatable when caught early.
对应中文
提供上述功能的防晒霜有助于保护你的皮肤免受晒伤、皮肤早期老化和皮肤癌。然而，单靠防晒霜并不能完全保护你。除了涂防晒霜，皮肤科医生建议采取以下步骤保护皮肤，及早发现皮肤癌：
· 在适当的时候寻找阴凉处，记住在上午10点到下午2点之间太阳光线最强。有一个简单的判断标准——如果你的阴影比你的身长要短，那么就得寻找阴凉处。
· 如果可能的话，日光浴的时候穿着轻薄的长袖衬衫、裤子、宽边帽和太阳镜以保护自己不受日光浴紫外线的伤害。
· 在靠近水面时要格外小心，雪和沙子反射太阳的有害光线，这会增加你被晒伤的几率。
· 通过健康饮食（可能包括维生素补充剂）安全获取维生素D。
· 避免使用晒黑床。太阳和晒黑床的紫外线会导致皮肤癌和皱纹。如果想看起来皮肤黝黑，您可能希望使用自晒产品，但要继续使用防晒霜。
· 建议固定每年在生日当天定期检查：如果发现皮肤有任何变化、瘙痒或出血，请咨询委员会认证的皮肤科医生；皮肤癌在早期发现时是很容易治愈的。
When should I use sunscreen?
我应该什么时候用防晒霜？
英文原文
Every day you go outside. The sun emits harmful UV rays year-round. Even on cloudy days, up to 80 percent of the sun’s harmful UV rays can penetrate your skin.Snow, sand and water increase the need for sunscreen because they reflect the sun’s rays.
对应中文
每天你都要出去，只要出门就需要涂抹防晒霜。太阳一年四季都会发出有害的紫外线。即使在阴天，高达80%的太阳有害紫外线也能穿透你的皮肤。雪、沙和水增加了我们皮肤对防晒霜的需求，因为它们能反射太阳光。
How much sunscreen should I use, and how often should I apply it?
我应该用多少防晒霜，多久涂一次？
英文原文
· Most people only apply 25-50 percent of the recommended amount of sunscreen.
· Apply enough sunscreen to cover all exposed skin. Most adults need about 1 ounce — or enough to fill a shot glass — to fully cover their body.
· Don’t forget to apply to the tops of your feet, your neck, your ears and the top of your head.
· Apply sunscreen to dry skin 15 minutes before going outdoors.
· Skin cancer also can form on the lips. To protect your lips, apply a lip balm or lipstick that contains sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
· When outdoors, reapply sunscreen approximately every two hours, or after swimming or sweating, according to the directions on the bottle.
对应中文
· 大多数人实际只涂抹了推荐量的25-50%，用量明显不足！
· 涂抹足够的防晒霜覆盖裸露的皮肤；大多数成年人需要大约1盎司、或者说足够装满一个玻璃杯，才能完全遮盖身体。
· 别忘了把防晒霜涂在你的脚尖、脖子、耳朵和头顶。
· 在户外前15分钟给干燥的皮肤涂上防晒霜。
· 皮肤癌也会在嘴唇上形成。为了保护嘴唇，涂抹含有SPF为30、更高的防晒霜的唇膏或口红。
· 在户外，根据瓶子上的说明，大约每两个小时，或者在游泳或出汗后，重新涂抹防晒霜。
Broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against both UVA and UVB rays. What is the difference between the rays?
广谱防晒霜可同时抵御UVA和UVB射线。不同射线之间有什么区别？
英文原文
Sunlight consists of two types of harmful rays that reach the earth — UVA rays and UVB rays. Overexposure to either can lead to skin cancer. In addition to causing skin cancer, here’s what each of these rays do:
· UVA rays (or aging rays) can prematurely age your skin, causing wrinkles and age spots, and can pass through window glass.
· UVB rays (or burning rays) are the primary cause of sunburn and are blocked by window glass.
对应中文
阳光由两种到达地球的有害射线组成——UVA射线和UVB射线。过度接触其中任何一种都可能导致皮肤癌。除了引起皮肤癌，以下是这些射线的作用：
UVA射线（或老化射线）会使你的皮肤过早老化，导致皱纹和老年斑，并可能透过窗户玻璃。
UVB射线（或燃烧射线）是晒伤的主要原因，并被窗户玻璃阻挡。
英文原文
The United States Department of Health & Human Services and the World Health Organization’s International Agency of Research on Cancer have declared UV radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, to be a known carcinogen (cancer-causing substance).
There is no safe way to tan. Every time you tan, you damage your skin. As this damage builds, you speed up the aging of your skin and increase your risk for all types of skin cancer.
对应中文
美国卫生与公众服务部和世界卫生组织的国际癌症研究机构宣布，来自太阳和人工来源（如晒黑床和日光灯）的紫外线辐射为已知致癌物（致癌物质）。晒黑没有安全的方法。每次晒黑都会损害皮肤。随着这种损伤的形成，你会加速皮肤的老化，增加患各种皮肤癌的风险。
What type of sunscreen should I use?
我应该用什么类型的防晒霜？
英文原文
The best type of sunscreen is the one you will use again and again. Just make sure it offers broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) protection, has an SPF of 30 or higher and is water-resistant.
对应中文
最好的防晒霜是你会反复使用的防晒霜，只要确保它提供广谱（UVA和UVB）保护，SPF为30或更高，并且最好是防水的。
英文原文
The kind of sunscreen you use is a matter of personal choice, and may vary depending on the area of the body to be protected. Available sunscreen options include lotions, creams, gels, ointments, wax sticks and sprays.
对应中文
使用哪种防晒霜是个人选择的问题，可能会根据身体需要保护的区域而有所不同。可用的防晒霜选择包括乳液、面霜、凝胶、软膏、蜡棒和喷雾剂。
英文原文
· Creams are best for dry skin and the face.
· Gels are good for hairy areas, such as the scalp or male chest.
· Sticks are good to use around the eyes.
· Sprays are sometimes preferred by parents since they are easy to apply to children.
· There also are sunscreens made for specific purposes, such as for sensitive skin and babies.
对应中文
· 面霜最适合干性皮肤和面部。
· 凝胶对多毛的地方很好，比如头皮或男性胸部。
· 棒状很适合在眼睛周围使用。
· 喷雾有时会受到父母的青睐，因为它们很容易涂在孩子身上。
· 也有特殊用途的防晒霜，比如针对敏感皮肤和婴儿的防晒霜。
英文原文
· Make sure to use enough of these products to cover all exposed skin thoroughly.
· Do not inhale these products or apply near heat, open flame or while smoking.
· Current FDA regulations on testing and standardization do not pertain to spray sunscreens. The agency continues to evaluate these products to ensure safety and effectiveness.
对应中文
对于喷雾型防晒霜：
· 确保使用足够的量来彻底覆盖所有暴露的皮肤（喷雾型防晒霜容易导致用量不足）。
· 请勿吸入这些产品，请勿在高温、明火或吸烟时使用。
· 目前FDA关于测试和标准化的规定并不涉及喷雾型防晒霜。该机构将继续对这些产品进行评估，以确保安全性和有效性。
英文原文
Regardless of which sunscreen you choose, be sure to apply it generously to achieve the UV protection indicated on the product label.
对应中文
无论你选择哪种防晒霜，一定要大量涂抹，以达到产品标签上标明的防紫外线效果。
What is the difference between chemical and physical sunscreens?
化学防晒霜和物理防晒霜有什么区别？
英文原文
Chemical sunscreens work like a sponge, absorbing the sun’s rays. They contain one or more of the following active ingredients: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate and octinoxate. These formulations tend to be easier to rub into the skin without leaving a white residue.
Physical sunscreens work like a shield, sitting sit on the surface of your skin and deflecting the sun’s rays. They contain the active ingredients zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide. Opt for this sunscreen if you have sensitive skin.
对应中文
化学防晒霜的作用就像海绵一样，吸收阳光。它们含有以下一种或多种活性成分：苯甲酮、阿伏苯宗、水杨酸、氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯(遮光剂)、水杨酸三甲环己酯和辛酸酯。这些配方更容易擦到皮肤上而不留下白色残留物。物理防晒霜就像一个盾牌，遮盖在你的皮肤表面，反射阳光。它们含有活性成分氧化锌和/或二氧化钛；如果你的皮肤敏感，请选择物理防晒霜。
Is a high-number SPF better than a low-number one?
高防晒指数比低防晒指数好吗？
英文原文
Dermatologists recommend using a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, which blocks 97 percent of the sun’s rays. Higher-number SPFs block slightly more of the sun’s rays, but no sunscreen can block 100 percent of the sun’s rays.It is also important to remember that high-number SPFs last the same amount of time as low-number SPFs. A high-number SPF does not allow you to spend additional time outdoors without reapplication. All sunscreens should be reapplied approximately every two hours when outdoors, even on cloudy days, and after swimming or sweating, according to the directions on the bottle.
对应中文
皮肤科医生建议使用SPF值至少为30的防晒霜，这样可以阻挡97%的太阳光。防晒指数越高，阻挡的阳光就越多，但没有防晒霜能阻挡100%的阳光。同样重要的是要记住，高数量的SPF和低数量的SPF持续的时间是相同的。高SPF值并不会让你在没有重新涂抹的情况下多花时间在户外。所有防晒霜在户外，即使是阴天，游泳或出汗后，也应该根据瓶子上的说明，大约每两个小时重新涂抹一次。
How can I protect my baby or toddler from the sun?
我怎样才能保护我的宝宝或蹒跚学步的孩子免受阳光的伤害？
英文原文
Ideally, parents should avoid exposing babies younger than 6 months to the sun’s rays.
The best way to protect infants from the sun is to keep them in the shade as much as possible, in addition to dressing them in long sleeves, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses. Make sure they do not get overheated and that they drink plenty of fluids. If your baby is fussy, crying excessively or has redness on any exposed skin, take him or her indoors. Sunscreen use should be avoided if possible in babies younger than 6 months.
对应中文
理想情况下，父母应该避免让6个月以下的婴儿暴露在阳光下。保护婴儿免受太阳照射的最好方法是让他们尽可能地呆在阴凉处，除此之外，还要给他们穿上长袖、裤子、宽边帽和太阳镜。确保他们不会过热，并喝大量液体。如果你的宝宝爱挑剔，哭闹过度或皮肤发红，带他或她到室内。6个月以下的婴儿应该避免使用防晒霜。
英文原文
Parents of infants and toddlers 6 months and older may apply a broad-spectrum, water- resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to their children’s exposed skin that is not covered by protective clothing, according to the instructions on product label. When outdoors, sunscreen should be reapplied approximately every two hours, or as often as the label says. Sunscreens that use the ingredients zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, or special sunscreens made for infants or toddlers may cause less irritation to their sensitive skin.
对应中文
根据产品标签上的说明，6个月及以上婴幼儿的父母可以将SPF30或更高的国外广谱防水防晒霜涂在孩子未被防护服覆盖的裸露皮肤上。当在户外时，防晒霜应该大约每两个小时重新涂抹一次，或者按照标签上的说明重复涂抹一次。使用氧化锌或二氧化钛成分的防晒霜，或为婴儿或学步儿童制造的特殊防晒霜，可能会减少对敏感皮肤的刺激。
Can I use the sunscreen I bought last summer, or do I need to purchase a new bottle each year? Does it lose its strength?
我可以用去年夏天买的防晒霜吗？还是每年都要买一瓶新的？它会失去它的力量吗？
英文原文
Dermatologists recommend using sunscreen every day when you are outside, not just during the summer. If you are using sunscreen every day and in the correct amount, a bottle should not last long. If you find a bottle of sunscreen that you have not used for some time, here are some guidelines you can follow:
· The FDA requires that all sunscreens retain their original strength for at least three years.
· Some sunscreens include an expiration date. If the expiration date has passed, throw out the sunscreen.
· If you buy a sunscreen that does not have an expiration date, write the date you bought the sunscreen on the bottle. That way, you’ll know when to throw it out.
· You also can look for visible signs that the sunscreen may no longer be good. Any obvious changes in the color or consistency of the product mean it’s time to purchase a new bottle.
对应中文
皮肤科医生建议你在户外的时候每天涂抹防晒霜，不要只在夏天使用。如果你每天都使用防晒霜，而且用量适中，一瓶防晒霜不会持续很长时间。如果你发现一瓶防晒霜已经有一段时间没有用过了，这里有一些你可以遵循的指导方针：
· FDA要求所有防晒霜至少在三年内保持原来的强度。
· 一些防晒霜包括有效期。如果过期了，扔掉防晒霜。
· 如果你买的防晒霜没有保质期，在瓶子上写上你买的防晒霜的日期。这样，你就会知道什么时候该扔掉。
· 你还可以寻找防晒霜可能不再好用的明显迹象。如果产品的颜色或稠度有任何明显的变化，就意味着该买瓶新的了。
Will using sunscreen limit the amount of vitamin D I get?
使用防晒霜会限制我摄入维生素D吗？
英文原文
Using sunscreen may decrease your skin’s production of vitamin D.
· If you are concerned that you are not getting enough vitamin D, you should discuss your options for getting vitamin D with your doctor.
· Many people can get the vitamin D they need from foods and/or vitamin supplements. This approach gives you the vitamin D you need without increasing your risk for skin cancer.
对应中文
使用防晒霜可能会减少皮肤产生的维生素D。
· 如果你担心你没有获得足够的维生素D，你应该和你的医生讨论一下获取维生素D的选择。
· 许多人可以从食物和/或维生素补充剂中获得所需的维生素D。这种方法可以为你提供所需的维生素D，而不会增加患皮肤癌的风险。
Are sunscreens safe?
太阳防晒霜安全吗？
英文原文
Using sunscreen, seeking shade and wearing protective clothing are all important behaviors to reduce your risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen products are regulated as over- the-counter drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Scientific evidence supports the benefits of using sunscreen to minimize short-term and long-term damage to the skin from the sun’s rays. Claims that sunscreen ingredients are toxic or a hazard to human health have not been proven.If you are concerned about certain sunscreen ingredients, you can select a formula that contains different active ingredients. As long as your sunscreen is broad-spectrum, water-resistant and has an SPF 30 or higher, it can effectively protect you from the sun.
对应中文
使用防晒霜、寻找阴凉处和穿防护服都是降低皮肤癌风险的重要行为。美国食品和药物管理局规定防晒产品为非处方药。科学证据支持使用防晒霜的好处，以尽量减少阳光对皮肤的短期和长期损害。有关防晒成分有毒或危害人体健康的说法尚未得到证实，如果你对某些防晒成分有顾虑，可以选择含有不同活性成分的配方。只要你的防晒霜是广谱的、防水的，并且SPF30或更高，它就能有效地保护你免受阳光的伤害。
Are spray sunscreens safe?
喷雾防晒霜安全吗？
英文原文
The FDA continues to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of spray sunscreens. The challenge in using sprays is that it is difficult to know if you have used enough sunscreen to cover all sun-exposed areas of the body, which may result in inadequate coverage. When using spray sunscreen, make sure to spray an adequate amount and rub it in to ensure even coverage.To avoid inhaling spray sunscreen, never spray it around or near the face or mouth. Spraying the sunscreen into your hands and then applying it can help you avoid inhalation while also ensuring adequate coverage. When applying spray sunscreens on children, be aware of the direction of the wind to avoid inhalation.
对应中文
FDA仍在继续评估喷雾防晒霜的安全性和有效性，尚没有明确结论。使用喷雾的挑战是，很难知道你是否使用了足够的防晒霜来覆盖身体所有暴露在阳光下的区域，这可能会导致覆盖不足。使用喷雾防晒霜时，一定要喷出适量的防晒霜，涂抹至均匀覆盖。为避免吸入喷雾防晒霜，切勿在面部或嘴巴周围或附近喷洒。将防晒霜喷到手上，然后涂抹，可以帮助你避免吸入防晒霜，同时还能确保足够的遮盖度。给儿童喷洒防晒霜时，要注意风向，避免吸入。
How do I treat a sunburn?
我怎么治疗晒伤？
英文原文
It’s important to begin treating a sunburn as soon as possible. In addition to stopping further UV exposure, dermatologists recommend treating a sunburn with:
· Cool baths to reduce the heat.
· Moisturizer to help ease the discomfort caused by dryness. As soon as you get out of the bathtub, gently pat yourself dry, but leave a little water on your skin. Then apply a moisturizer to trap the water in your skin.
· Hydrocortisone cream that you can buy without a prescription to help ease discomfort.
· Aspirin or ibuprofen. This can help reduce the swelling, redness and discomfort.
· Drinking extra water. A sunburn draws fluid to the skin surface and away from the rest of the body. Drinking extra water prevents dehydration.UV such.
对应中文
尽快开始治疗晒伤很重要。除了停止进一步的紫外线照射外，皮肤科医生建议用以下方法治疗晒伤：
· 冷水浴以减少热量。
· 保湿霜有助于缓解干燥引起的不适。一旦你走出浴缸，轻轻拍干自己，但留下一点水在你的皮肤上。然后涂上润肤霜，将水分滞留在皮肤中。
· 氢化可的松乳膏，无需处方即可购买，以帮助缓解不适。
· 阿司匹林或布洛芬。这有助于减轻肿胀、发红和不适。
· 多喝水。晒伤会将液体吸引到皮肤表面并远离身体其他部位。多喝水可以防止脱水。
英文原文
If your skin blisters, you have a second-degree sunburn. Dermatologists recommend that you:
· Allow the blisters to heal untouched. Blisters form to help your skin heal and protect you from infection.
· If the blisters cover a large area, such as the entire back, or you have chills, a headache or a fever, seek immediate medical care.
With any sunburn, you should avoid the sun while your skin heals. Be sure to cover the sunburn every time you head outdoors.
对应中文
如果皮肤已经起了水泡，就是二级晒伤。皮肤科医生建议你：
· 让水泡自然愈合。水泡的形成有助于你的皮肤愈合，并保护你免受感染。
· 如果水泡覆盖了大面积，如整个背部，或你有寒战、头痛或发烧，请立即就医。如果有任何晒伤，你应该在皮肤愈合时避开阳光。每次出门一定要遮住晒伤的地方。
REFERENCES
https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/sun-protection/sunscreen-patients/sunscreen-faqs